Creator
Creator
General
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Source: ISO 690, 4.1
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Serialisation:
bibitem/contributor,Person, Organization, Affiliation
ISO 690, 4.1 classifies the various possible roles a creator can have with regard to a resource into broad categories in order of priority, with more refined classifications typically named for the creator.
These classifications are retained in the Relaton model:
bibitem/contributor/role@type-
Provides the broad category of role (author, performer, compiler, adaptor, publisher, distributor), with some further refinements to deal with the range of roles in other standards, and roles whose status is intermediate between those categories (e.g. translator). The content of this element is optional, and contains a more specific expression of the creator role.
bibitem/contributor/role/description-
Contains one or more specific descriptions of the role of the contributor. The description can be strictly a noun, e.g. "librettist", or it can be a phrase, corresponding to how it will be rendered in a citation ("libretto by"); the choice is at the discretion of the bibliographer, and is determined by how the citation is expected to be rendered (as rendering systems are unlikely to be sophisticated enough to convert the one into the other.)
Role
The Relaton model further refines the ISO 690 model of roles, based on analysis of the 270 creator roles encoded in the MARC bibliographic standard.
The Relaton listing of roles is as follows:
author-
creates a Work (ISO 690: "a) creator of work")
Creator of the intellectual content described by the bibliographic item. Includes both the major intellectual contributors to intellectual content, and subsidiary contributors.
Includes: composer, librettist, mapping agency, surveyor, cartographer, system designer of software, patentee, patent applicant, artist, photographer, draughtsman, graphic designer, inventor.
In the case of documents arising from legal cases, the involved participants involved are considered creators, e.g. applicants, complainants, defendants, judges.
editor-
finalises a Work. "finalises" is a subclass of "creates" (ISO 690: "c) reviser of work")
Party imposing structure on the intellectual content of the bibliographic item. Is someone finalising a work (i.e. its intellectual content), which has been created or initiated by others.
Includes: compiler, corrector, curator, editor, moderator, proofreader, reviser.
adapter-
creates a Derived-Work, a Work derived from the initial Work (ISO 690: "d) creator of derivative work")
Party converting the intellectual content of the bibliographic item into a different medium or form.
Includes: abridger, annotator, adapter, commentator, reviewer; photographer of another creator’s work, copyist, arranger.
realizer-
creates an Expression of a Work (ISO 690: "b) expresser of created work")
Realises the intellectual content of the bibliographic item. Contributes to the work being realised in a particular intellectual or artistic form, but is distinct from a mass-produced physical presentation of that form (a manifestation).
Includes: animator, art director, film director, cinematographer, engineer, music copyist, musical director, recordist, stage manager, videographer; analyst, court reporter, markup editor, programmer, scribe.
A large number of visual artists, such as engravers, etchers, and illustrators, can be modelled as creators, realisers, or adapters, depending on whether they are creating work they have conceived of themselves (author), carrying out a creator’s artistic vision and following their drafts (realizer), or copying an artistic work that has already been fully realised in a different medium (adapter). In the bibliographic description of visual works, realizer is the usual role involved.
translator-
creates an Expression of a Work in a novel language
Party converting the intellectual content of the bibliographic item into a different language. Is given a separate role from realizer because of the prominence given to translators in bibliographic description.
performer-
creates an Expression as a novel performance (time-bound realisation of Work), specific to performing arts
Indicates the performers realising the work in a time-bound event. If performers are indicated for an artistic work, a distinction is made between the performers ("front of stage"), and the realizers, the other contributors working towards realising the performance in a planning or coordinating role ("backstage").
Includes: actor, conductor, dancer, musician, narrator, performer, singer.
publisher-
creates a Manifestation of an Expression, a distinct presentation (ISO 690: "e) publisher of manifestation")
Party responsible for the bibliographic item becoming publicly available. Covers all parties involved in creating and producing a manifestation (physical presentation) of the work.
Includes: bookbinder, manufacturer, online information provider, publisher, printer, production company.
distributor-
gives out Items of a Manifestation to an audience (ISO 690: "f) distributor of manifestation")
Party arranging for the bibliographic item to become publicly accessible. Covers all parties involved in making a manifestation available, and providing manifestation Items to owners.
Includes: auctioneer, bookseller, online host, provider, repository, vendor.
authorizer-
authorises the Work, lends it authority
Party which lends its authority to the bibliographic item, and vouches for its quality and accuracy. Covers most cases of corporate authorship: the organisation lends its authority to works that individual authors create, whether as work for hire, or under the auspices of the organisation.
Includes: copyright holder, degree supervisor, issuing body, jurisdiction, laboratory, licensor, monitor, scholarly society, scientific advisor, software company, standards body.
enabler-
supports, enables, facilitates a Work, an Expression, or a Manifestation.
Party involved in supporting, enabling, or facilitating the production of a bibliographic item, without contributing directly to its intellectual content, realisation, or presentation.
This includes funders and sponsors.
Includes: donor, host institution, licensee, patron, producer, sponsor.
owner-
receives Items of a Manifestation
Party who is in physical possession of a bibliographic item.
Includes: autographer, collector, depositor, lender, owner.
subject-
referenced in a Work.
Party who is referenced in a bibliographic item. Is not properly a contributor of intellectual content, but is included because of edge cases in some contributor models.
Includes: addressee, cited, dedicatee, depicted, honoree, subject.
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Note
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The above description uses the older FRBR distinction between:
Later bibliographic models such as BIBFRAME conflate Expressions and Manifestations, as the distinction can be difficult to make, but it is useful in defining publishers abstractly. |
Selection
Whether subsidiary creators should be included in a bibliographic item, and which creators should be included, is at the discretion of the bibliographer.
Exceptionally, "translator" is differentiated from the other "adaptor" roles, because it is so different from other adaptor roles such as "engraver" or "photographer".
Derivative works
For derivative works, the creator and title of the original resource can be
mentioned as a bibliographic note (bibitem/note).
However, best practice is to treat the original resource as a distinct related
bibliographic item, related through the
derivedFrom relation (See Document Relations).
Likewise, different originators of different editions should be modelled by modelling the editions as distinct related items, each with its own distinct editor as contributor. (For example, the later edition given as the main item, and the earlier edition related through a "updatedBy" relation.)
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Note
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Although both "composer" and "librettist" are included as authors under ISO 690, 4.1, the two roles are clearly differentiated in ISO 690, 5.7, with the "composer" given priority over the "librettist". |
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Note
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Inventor and patentee are atypical of the "performer" roles, and could arguably be regarded as author roles instead. |
Sponsoring organisations
Sponsoring organisations are conventionally included as distributors, following practice in ISO 690.
Note that in this model, sponsors are no longer conflated with distributors, and SDOs are differentiated from publishers; they are often but not always the same organisation in the case of standards.
Examples
Ramsey, J. K., & McGrew, W. C. (2005). Object play in great apes: Studies in nature and captivity. In A. D. Pellegrini & P. K. Smith (Eds.), The nature of play: Great apes and humans (pp. 89-112). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
<bibitem type="incollection">
<title>Object play in great apes: Studies in nature and captivity</title>
<date type="published"><on>2005</on></date>
<contributor>
<role type="author"/>
<person>
<name>
<surname>Ramsey</surname>
<formatted-initials>J. K.</formatted-initials>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="author"/>
<person>
<name>
<surname>McGrew</surname>
<formatted-initials>W. C.</formatted-initials>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<relation type="includedIn">
<bibitem>
<title>The nature of play: Great apes and humans</title>
<contributor>
<role type="editor"/>
<person>
<name>
<surname>Pellegrini</surname>
<formatted-initials>A. D.</formatted-initials>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="editor"/>
<person>
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<formatted-initials>P. K.</formatted-initials>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="publisher"/>
<organization>
<name>Guilford Press</name>
</organization>
</contributor>
<place>New York, NY</place>
</bibitem>
</relation>
<extent type="page">
<referenceFrom>89</referenceFrom>
<referenceTo>112</referenceTo>
</extent>
</bibitem>Demosthenes. Speeches 50-59. Translated from the Greek by Victor BERS. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003.
<bibitem type="book">
<title>Speeches 50-59</title>
<date type="published"><on>2003</on></date>
<contributor>
<role type="author"/>
<person>
<name>
<completename>Demosthenes</completename>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="translator"/>
<person>
<name>
<surname>Bers</surname>
<forename>Victor</forename>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="publisher"/>
<organization>
<name>University of Texas Press</name>
</organization>
</contributor>
<language>en</language>
<relation type="translatedFrom">
<bibitem>
<title>Speeches 50-59</title>
<language>grc</language>
</bibitem>
</relation>
<place>Austin</place>
</bibitem>ROGET, Peter Mark. Roget’s Thesaurus. Revised by Susan M. LLOYD. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex: Longman Group Limited, 1982 [1852].
<bibitem type="book">
<title>Roget's Thesaurus</title>
<date type="created"><on>1852</on></date>
<date type="updated"><on>1982</on></date>
<date type="published"><on>1982</on></date>
<contributor>
<role type="author"/>
<person>
<name>
<surname>Roget</surname>
<forename>Peter</forename>
<forename>Mark</forename>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="editor">revised</role>
<person>
<name>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<forename>Susan</forename>
<forename>M.</forename>
</name>
</person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="publisher"/>
<organization>
<name>Longman Group Limited</name>
</organization>
</contributor>
<place>Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex</place>
</bibitem>WINSBACHER KNABENCHOR. All' Lust und Freud'. Frankfurt: Bellaphon, 1983.
<bibitem type="music">
<title>All' Lust und Freud'</title>
<date type="published"><on>1983</on></date>
<contributor>
<role type="performer"/>
<organization>
<name>Winsbacher Knabenchor</name>
</organization>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="author">composer</role>
<person><name><completename>Gastoldi, Giovanni Giacomo</completename></name></person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="author">composer</role>
<person><name><completename>Isaak, Heinrich</completename></name></person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="author">composer</role>
<person><name><completename>Othmayr, Caspar</completename></name></person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="author">composer</role>
<person><name><completename>Demantius, Christoph</completename></name></person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="publisher"/>
<organization>
<name>Bellaphon</name>
</person>
</organization>
<medium>
<carrier>audio disc</carrier>
</medium>
<place>Frankfurt</place>
</bibitem>Personal names
Names may be modelled either broken up into their constituent components (prefix, forename, initials, surname, addition), or as a complete name string. The latter is useful if (contrary to the recommendation of ISO 690, 4.1) language-specific conventions for ordering of name components are to be observed; e.g. “James CLARK, John COWAN, MURATA Makoto”.
If there are multiple contributors named in a role, all contributors are
expected to be represented in the bibliographic entry.
This reflects practice in electronic bibliographic tools, and renderers
may choose to truncate contributors with “et al.” beyond a certain cutoff point.
If this information is not available, a dummy contributor can be
named with “et al.” as their completename, but this is not preferred.
The formatted-initials component is used if all forenames are replaced by initials.
If only the middle name is replaced by an initial, it is still treated as a
forename.
Forenames are given an initial attribute if initials are to be assembled on a more granular basis.
BACH, J.S.
<person>
<name>
<surname>Bach</surname>
<formatted-initials>J. S.</formatted-initials>
</name>
</person>PICASSO, Pablo
<person>
<name>
<surname>Picasso</surname>
<forename initial="P">Pablo</forename>
</name>
</person>KING, Martin Luther, Jr., Rev.
<person>
<name>
<prefix>Dr.</prefix>
<surname>King</surname>
<forename>Martin</forename>
<forename>Luther</forename>
<addition>Jr.</addition>
<addition>Rev.</addition>
</name>
</person>KING, Martin Luther, Jr.
<person>
<name>
<completename>KING, Martin Luther, Jr.</completename>
</name>
</person>STEWART, John H.
<person>
<name>
<surname>Stewart</surname>
<forename>John</forename>
<forename>H.</forename>
</name>
</person>Organisations
The model caters for both full names and abbreviations of organisations. Subordinate body names are modelled separately from the parent body name; the choice of whether to model parent + subordinate or a single name depends on the degree of independence of the subordinate body, as outlined in ISO 690, 4.1.
St. Thomas University [Florida].
<organization>
<name>St. Thomas University [Florida]</name>
</organization>St. Thomas University [New Brunswick].
<organization>
<name>St. Thomas University [New Brunswick]</name>
</organization>ACADEMY OF ATHENS. Research Centre for Modern Greek Dialects.
<organization>
<name>Academy of Athens</name>
<subdivision>Research Centre for Modern Greek Dialects</subdivision>
</organization>Pseudonyms and Variant Names
Variant names, and assumed names, can both be modelled
as notes on names. However, for greater clarity, and for modelling
of the internal structure of the variant or assumed name,
a variant name can be modelled, with the same level of detail
as default names. The type of variant, or relation between the name
and variant, needs to be made explicit in that case.
For example pseudonym/pseudonymOf for literary pseudonyms,
or username/usernameOf for social media usernames.
Variant names can be applied to personal names, organization names, and organization subdivision names.
TWAIN, Mark [pseud. of Samuel Langhorne CLEMENS]
<person>
<surname>Twain</surname>
<forename>Mark</forename>
<note>pseud. of Samuel Langhorne CLEMENS</note>
</person><person>
<surname>Twain</surname>
<forename>Mark</forename>
<variant type="pseudonymOf">
<surname>Clemens</surname>
<forename>Samuel</forename>
<forename>Langhorne</forename>
</variant>
<variant type="transliteration">
<surname language="el">Τουαίην</surname>
<forename language="el">Μαρκ</forename>
</variant>
</person>Anonymous and Varii
Descriptors of authors, such as “Anon” or “Various Authors”, should be given
as completename elements.
The model does not standardise the designations of authors. As with pseudonyms, the real name of the creator if known can be modelled as a note, or as a name variant.
Anon. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Edited by R. A. WALDRON. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970.
<bibitem type="book">
<title>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</title>
<date type="published"><on>1970</on></date>
<contributor>
<role type="author"/>
<person><name><completename>Anon</completename></name></person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="editor"/>
<person><name><completename>R. A. WALDRON</completename></name></person>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="publisher"/>
<organization>
<name>Northwestern University Press</name>
</person>
</organization>
<place>Evanston</place>
</bibitem>Anon [Thomas Robert MALTHUS]. An Essay on the Principle of Population. 1st edition. London: J. Johnson, 1798.
<bibitem type="book">
<title>An Essay on the Principle of Population</title>
<date type="published"><on>1798</on></date>
<contributor>
<role type="author"/>
<person><name><completename>Anon</completename></name></person>
<variantname type="realname">
<completename>Thomas Robert MALTHUS</completename>
</variantname>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<role type="publisher"/>
<person><name><completename>J. Johnson</completename></name></person>
</contributor>
<edition>1st edition</edition>
<place>London</place>
</bibitem>